Wednesday, September 27, 2017
Sunday, September 24, 2017
Saturday, September 23, 2017
Thursday, September 21, 2017
Friday, September 8, 2017
Monday, September 4, 2017
Linux distribution
A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the Linux kernel and, often, a package management system. Linux users usually obtain their operating system by downloading one of the Linux distributions, which are available for a wide variety of systems ranging from embedded devices (for example, OpenWrt) and personal computers (for example, Linux Mint) to powerful supercomputers (for example, Rocks Cluster Distribution).
A typical Linux distribution comprises a Linux kernel, GNU tools and libraries, additional software, documentation, a window system (the most common being the X Window System), a window manager, and a desktop environment. Most of the included software is free and open-source software made available both as compiled binaries and in source code form, allowing modifications to the original software. Usually, Linux distributions optionally include some proprietary software that may not be available in source code form, such as binary blobs required for some device drivers.[1] A Linux distribution may also be described as a particular assortment of application and utility software (various GNU tools and libraries, for example), packaged together with the Linux kernel in such a way that its capabilities meet the needs of many users.[2] The software is usually adapted to the distribution and then packaged into software packages by the distribution's maintainers. The software packages are available online in so-called repositories, which are storage locations usually distributed around the world.[3][4] Beside glue components, such as the distribution installers (for example, Debian-Installer and Anaconda) or the package management systems, there are only very few packages that are originally written from the ground up by the maintainers of a Linux distribution.
Almost six hundred Linux distributions exist, with close to five hundred out of those in active development.[5] Because of the huge availability of software, distributions have taken a wide variety of forms, including those suitable for use on desktops, servers, laptops, netbooks, mobile phones and tablets,[6][7] as well as minimal environments typically for use in embedded systems.[8][9] There are commercially backed distributions, such as Fedora (Red Hat), openSUSE (SUSE) and Ubuntu (Canonical Ltd.), and entirely community-driven distributions, such as Debian, Slackware, Gentoo and Arch Linux. Most distributions come ready to use and pre-compiled for a specific instruction set, while some distributions (such as Gentoo) are distributed mostly in source code form and compiled locally during installation.[10]
Contents
[hide]History[edit]
Linus Torvalds developed the Linux kernel and distributed its first version, 0.01, in 1991. Linux was initially distributed as source code only, and later as a pair of downloadable floppy disk images – one bootable and containing the Linux kernel itself, and the other with a set of GNU utilities and tools for setting up a file system. Since the installation procedure was complicated, especially in the face of growing amounts of available software, distributions sprang up to simplify this.[12]
Early distributions included the following:
- H. J. Lu's "Boot-root", the aforementioned disk image pair with the kernel and the absolute minimal tools to get started
- MCC Interim Linux, which was made available to the public for download in February 1992
- Softlanding Linux System (SLS), released in 1992, was the most comprehensive distribution for a short time, including the X Window System
- Yggdrasil Linux/GNU/X, a commercial distribution first released in December 1992
The two oldest and still active distribution projects started in 1993. The SLS distribution was not well maintained, so in July 1993 a new distribution, called Slackware and based on SLS, was released by Patrick Volkerding.[13] Also dissatisfied with SLS, Ian Murdock set to create a free distribution by founding Debian, which had its first release in December 1993.[14]
Users were attracted to Linux distributions as alternatives to the DOS and Microsoft Windows operating systems on IBM PC compatible computers, Mac OS on the Apple Macintosh, and proprietary versions of Unix. Most early adopters were familiar with Unix from work or school. They embraced Linux distributions for their low (if any) cost, and availability of the source code for most or all of the software included.
Originally, the distributions were simply a convenience, offering a free alternative to proprietary versions of Unix but later they became the usual choice even for Unix or Linux experts.[citation needed]
To date, Linux has become more popular in server and embedded devices markets than in the desktop market. For example, Linux is used on over 50% of web servers,[15] whereas its desktop market share is about 3.7%.[16]
Components[edit]
Many Linux distributions provide an installation system akin to that provided with other modern operating systems. On the other hand, some distributions, including Gentoo Linux, provide only the binaries of a basic kernel, compilation tools, and an installer; the installer compiles all the requested software for the specific architecture of the user's computer, using these tools and the provided source code.
Package management[edit]
Distributions are normally segmented into packages. Each package contains a specific application or service. Examples of packages are a library for handling the PNG image format, a collection of fonts or a web browser.
The package is typically provided as compiled code, with installation and removal of packages handled by a package management system (PMS) rather than a simple file archiver. Each package intended for such a PMS contains meta-information such as a package description, version, and "dependencies". The package management system can evaluate this meta-information to allow package searches, to perform an automatic upgrade to a newer version, to check that all dependencies of a package are fulfilled, and/or to fulfill them automatically.
Although Linux distributions typically contain much more software than proprietary operating systems, it is normal for local administrators to also install software not included in the distribution. An example would be a newer version of a software application than that supplied with a distribution, or an alternative to that chosen by the distribution (for example, KDE Plasma Workspaces rather than GNOME or vice versa for the user interface layer). If the additional software is distributed in source-only form, this approach requires local compilation. However, if additional software is locally added, the "state" of the local system may fall out of synchronization with the state of the package manager's database. If so, the local administrator will be required to take additional measures to ensure the entire system is kept up to date. The package manager may no longer be able to do so automatically.
Most distributions install packages, including the kernel and other core operating system components, in a predetermined configuration. Few now require or even permit configuration adjustments at first install time. This makes installation less daunting, particularly for new users, but is not always acceptable. For specific requirements, much software must be carefully configured to be useful, to work correctly with other software, or to be secure, and local administrators are often obliged to spend time reviewing and reconfiguring assorted software.
Some distributions go to considerable lengths to specifically adjust and customize most or all of the software included in the distribution. Not all do so. Some distributions provide configuration tools to assist in this process.
By replacing everything provided in a distribution, an administrator may reach a "distribution-less" state: everything was retrieved, compiled, configured, and installed locally. It is possible to build such a system from scratch, avoiding a distribution altogether. One needs a way to generate the first binaries until the system is self-hosting. This can be done via compilation on another system capable of building binaries for the intended target (possibly by cross-compilation). For example, see Linux From Scratch.
Sunday, September 3, 2017
2017 Formula One season
| 2017 FIA Formula One World Championship | |||
| Previous: | 2016 | Next: | 2018 |
| Support series: | |||
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The 2017 Formula One season is the 71st season of Formula One motor racing. It features the 68th Formula One World Championship, a motor racing championship for Formula One cars which is recognised by the sport's governing body, the Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA), as the highest class of competition for open-wheel racing cars. Teams and drivers are competing in twenty Grands Prix—starting in Australia on 26 March and ending in Abu Dhabi on 26 November—for the World Drivers' and World Constructors' championships.
As the reigning Drivers' Champion Nico Rosberg announced his retirement from the sport in December 2016, the 2017 season is the first since 1994 in which the reigning champion did not compete.[1] Mercedes started the season as the defending Constructors' Champion, having secured their third consecutive title at the 2016 Japanese Grand Prix.[2]
After thirteen races, Lewis Hamilton leads the World Drivers' Championship with 238 points, with Sebastian Vettel second with 235 points, and Valtteri Bottas third with 197 points. In the World Constructors' Championship, Mercedes leads with 435 points, with Ferrari second with 373 points, and Red Bull Racing third with 212 points.
Contents
[hide]Teams and drivers
The following teams and drivers are taking part in the 2017 Formula One World Championship:
Team changes
- Just Racing, the parent company of MRT, went into administration in January 2017.[33] The company collapsed later that same month,[34][35] ultimately closing down entirely in March after administrators were unable to find a buyer for MRT.[36]
- Sauber used one year-old Ferrari power units in 2017, mirroring the arrangement between Ferrari and Scuderia Toro Rosso in 2016.[15]
- Toro Rosso returned to using Renault power units in 2017, having used 2015-specification Ferrari power units in 2016.[11] The team had previously used Renault power units in 2014 and 2015 before the relationship between Renault and sister team Red Bull Racing broke down, prompting Toro Rosso to seek out an alternative supplier.[37][38]
Driver changes
- 2016 GP2 Series runner-up Antonio Giovinazzi started the season driving for Sauber, replacing Pascal Wehrlein.[16][39]Wehrlein, who moved from MRT to replace Felipe Nasr at Sauber,[40] withdrew from the opening rounds of the championship as a precaution after an injury at the Race of Champions interrupted his training regime, prompting concerns that he would not be able to cope with the greater physical demands placed on the drivers by the 2017 generation of cars. Wehrlein returned to competition at the Bahrain Grand Prix, with Giovinazzi resuming testing and reserve driving duties.[41]
- Kevin Magnussen turned down an offer to stay with Renault and instead signed a deal with Haas to drive alongside Romain Grosjean.[7][42] As a result of the agreement with Magnussen and the team's decision to take up an option on Grosjean, Esteban Gutiérrez's contract with the team was not renewed.[43] Gutiérrez later moved to the Formula E championship.[44]
- Esteban Ocon moved from MRT to Force India, filling the seat left vacant by Nico Hülkenberg's departure to Renault.[45][46]
- Reigning champion and Mercedes driver Nico Rosberg retired from the sport at the end of the 2016 season.[1] Valtteri Bottas was released by Williams to sign as his replacement.[47][48] Felipe Massa, who had intended to retire from Formula One at the end of the 2016 season,[49][50] extended his contract with Williams to replace his former teammate. Massa was partnered by 2016 European Formula 3 Championship winner Lance Stroll,[47] who was originally hired by the team to replace Massa.[51]
- 2015 GP2 Series champion Stoffel Vandoorne joined McLaren as a full-time driver.[52] Vandoorne previously competed in one race for the team, substituting for the injured Fernando Alonso at the 2016 Bahrain Grand Prix.[53] Vandoorne replaced Jenson Button, who took a sabbatical from racing in 2017 while staying on with the team as a reserve driver.[54]
Mid-season changes
- Fernando Alonso did not contest the Monaco Grand Prix. Instead, he participated in the Indianapolis 500.[25] Jenson Button, who now serves as team ambassador and reserve driver, replaced Alonso for the race.[27]
- Paul di Resta replaced Felipe Massa for the Hungarian Grand Prix after Massa was taken ill after Free Practice.[20]
Season calendar
The following twenty Grands Prix are scheduled to take place in 2017:[55]
Calendar changes
- The Baku event was renamed, becoming the first Azerbaijan Grand Prix.[56] The previous race at the Baku Street Circuit ran under the European Grand Prix title in 2016.[56] The date of the race was changed to avoid conflicting with the 24 Hours of Le Mans,[55] which had been a source of controversy at the 2016 European Grand Prix.[57]
- The Chinese and Bahrain Grands Prix swapped places in the schedule for the 2017 season.[55]
- The German Grand Prix was removed from the calendar after the owners of the Hockenheimring and Nürburgring circuits were unable to agree to commercial terms with Formula One Management.[55]
Changes
General changes
- In September 2016, Liberty Media purchased a minority stake in the sport from CVC Capital Partners,[58] and completed the purchase ahead of the 2017 season,[59] with the long-term goal of adopting a model similar to that used by the U.S. National Football League and Major League Baseball, with teams entitled to purchase a stake in the sport.[60]The commercial operation of the sport underwent a restructuring in January 2017, with Bernie Ecclestone leaving his position as chief executive of Formula One Group after forty years in the role.[61] Former team principal Ross Brawn – who won World Championships with Ferrari and his own eponymous team – was appointed as Managing Director in Ecclestone's stead.[62]
- With the acquisition of the sport by Liberty Media, teams were given more control over creating and uploading content to social media.[63] Under Bernie Ecclestone's previous management, all footage filmed in the paddock was automatically controlled by Formula One Management with tight restrictions on the release of content.
- As a response to widespread changes in the technical regulations expected to increase cornering speeds by up to 40 km/h (24.9 mph), the FIA requested that every circuit on the calendar undergo revisions to update safety features.[64]
Technical regulations
- The technical regulations governing bodywork design were revised for 2017, with the objective of improving lap times by four to five seconds over the 2016 generation of cars.[65] These changes include:[66]
- An increase of the overall width of the cars to 2,000 mm (78.7 in).[67]
- Bodywork allowed to reach a maximum width of 1,600 mm (63.0 in).[67]
- An increase of the width of the front wing to 1,800 mm (70.9 in).
- Lowering the rear wing by 150 mm (5.9 in) and moving its position back by 200 mm (7.9 in).
- Bigger and longer rear diffuser, now extending ahead of the rear axle.[67]
- The leading edge of the barge boards being brought forward to allow teams more freedom in controlling airflow.
- An increase of the width of the front and rear tyres (around 25% wider than previous tyres) to allow cars to generate more mechanical grip.[67]
- The minimum weight of the car including the driver being raised by 26 kg to 728 kg, with teams allowed to use 105 kg of fuel to account for the increase in minimum weight.
- 2017 saw teams adopt the "T-wing", a thin T-shaped wing mounted to the bodywork above and forward of the rear wing to generate additional downforce. Its creation prompted concerns about the use of moveable aerodynamic devices – forbidden under the rules – after several T-wings were observed to be vibrating during pre-season testing. However, the stewards chose to review the use of T-wings on a case-by-case basis rather than issue a technical directive.[68]
- The token system used to regulate power unit development – where the power unit was divided into individual areas, and each area assigned a points value with development of these areas deducting points from a manufacturer's overall points quota – will be abandoned.[69]
- Restrictions are to be placed on the dimensions, weight and the materials used to build each individual component of the power unit.[70]
- Teams are restricted to four power units per season regardless of the number of Grands Prix in the season.[71] Previous seasons had included a provision for a fifth power unit if the number of Grands Prix in a season exceeded twenty; from 2017, this provision is to be abandoned.
- The cost of a power unit supply is reduced by €1 million in 2017 ahead of a further reduction in 2018.[70]
- Cameras are no longer permitted to be mounted on stalks located on the nose of the car.[72]
- Pirelli continued to be Formula One's sole tyre supplier in 2017, beating out a bid by Michelin to provide tyres for the series.[73] Continuing from previous seasons, the company offered a range of seven different tyre compounds, five for dry and two for wet conditions. While both wet compounds are available for every Grand Prix, only a choice of three dry compounds are made available to teams for a single race weekend.[74][75] As in the previous season, teams are allowed to choose ten out of thirteen sets of tyres for a race weekend freely from the three compounds made available by Pirelli. However, due to limited testing time for the new compounds during the winter break, Pirelli chose to provide teams with a mandatory number of sets for the first five races.[76]
Sporting regulations
- Under rules introduced in 2015, grid penalties for exceeding a driver's quota of power unit components carried over from one race to the next if the penalty could not be fully served when issued. When this carry-over system was abandoned, teams could build up a reserve of spare components by introducing several at once while only serving a single grid penalty. From 2017, teams will only be able to use one new component over their quota per race, with any additional components incurring further penalties. This change prevents teams from "stockpiling" spare power unit components.[77]
- Power unit suppliers will have an "obligation to supply", mandating that they supply power units to any team, should a team end up without an agreement.[69] The rule was introduced following the breakdown in the relationship between Renault and their customer teams Red Bull Racing and Scuderia Toro Rosso at the end of the 2015 season that left both teams in limbo until deals could be arranged.[78]
- In the event that a race is declared wet and must start behind the safety car, the grid will follow normal starting procedures once conditions are declared satisfactory for racing. Drivers will line up on the grid for a standing start once the safety car pulls into pit lane, although any laps completed behind the safety car will still count towards the total race distance.[79]
- The FIA abandoned the rule governing driving standards under braking, in lieu of an all-encompassing rule against manoeuvres that could endanger other drivers.[80] The rule was introduced in 2016 amid criticism of Max Verstappen for his habit of changing direction before braking late to defend his position, which led to concerns that such aggressive defensive driving could trigger an accident.[81]
- Starting from the Spanish Grand Prix, teams were required to display a driver's name and racing number on the external bodywork of the car in such a way that they are clearly visible to spectators. Teams have the option to use the official timing screen abbreviation, such as HAM (Hamilton) or VET (Vettel).[82]
Results and standings
Grands Prix
World Drivers' Championship standings
Points are awarded to the top ten classified finishers in every race, using the following structure:
| Position | 1st | 2nd | 3rd | 4th | 5th | 6th | 7th | 8th | 9th | 10th |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Points | 25 | 18 | 15 | 12 | 10 | 8 | 6 | 4 | 2 | 1 |
In the event of a tie, a count-back system is used as a tie-breaker, with a driver's best result used to decide the standings.[N 5]
|
Bold – Pole position
Italics – Fastest lap | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Notes:
– Drivers did not finish the Grand Prix, but were classified as they completed more than 90% of the race distance.
World Constructors' Championship standings
|
Bold – Pole position
Italics – F | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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A Linux distribution (often abbreviated as distro ) is an operating system made from a software collection, which is based upon the L...
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"F1 2017" redirects here. For the video game based on the 2017 Formula One season, see F1 2017 (video game) . 2017 FIA Formu...
